I’ve been there when it came to lump sum payments. I got a bonus that was four months salary once. I was wondering where it all went. It was withheld as if I was earning that much every two weeks. I got it back with my refund, but it was still a pretty big interest free loan to the US Treasury.
I’ve also gotten laid off, where HR suggested spreading out the payments over two months (I had 10+ weeks) to reduce the withholding. It also took a while to find a job, so my refund was still a bunch because I didn’t hit my normal tax bracket. Lump sum payments always have that tendency to mess up withholding.