Two kids fairly recent graduates, both debt free undergrads.
In Georgia you have the HOPE program where you have to have a high GPA to get it to begin with then must maintain a GPA to keep it. DD had it all but one semester. DS did not have it and he paid for all his tuition on his own with working. This is tuition only.
We, parents, paid for housing, food, car insurance, phones, books, fees. DS went away for two years then transferred and moved home to commute. DD commuted first year then moved to school the rest of the time. Both worked their entire time in college.
While college is not inexpensive, much of the cost comes from housing, dining plans etc. Living at home and commuting or doing classes online can make graduating debt free achievable for those with no other resources. Also doing community college first two years for core can save lots of money. And with good grades, can lead to scholarships the last two years.
Both had college savings accounts for grad school, saved for graduate school or down payment on a house. DD got her masters with savings account, scholarship, graduate assistant and one semester small student loan - she was out of state tuition. DS got his masters with govt student loan and his grad savings - holding back some to buy a car, much needed. He went to private school.
Both DH and I graduated debt free undergrad by living at home, working fulltime and paying our way through (private school). DH did do the community college route first. DH got his masters, his company paid for his.
*Regarding classes that don't transfer. I can understand different Colleges have different standards, but my youngest transferred from one California State University campus to another, and some classes did not transfer. Not sure how THAT is even possible.
DS transferred one state school to another and had lots of classes that didn't transfer with any value other than an elective ... even though they were approved core at school #1. Dumb.